3. The origin of long-range forces

BOOK

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 17
3.2 Black holes .............................................................................. 18
3.3 Quantum universe ................................................................... 21
3.4 Variation of the gravitational and magnetic forces ..................... 23
3.5 General expression of the long-range force. 27 ................................ 27
3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................... 29

The current theories are based on the assumption that the Big Bang had a unique strength, which, along with the expansion of the universe, gave rise to four forces, two of which are of infinite range. In the model developed here, there is only a single force, which is the magnetic force. Gravity and the electromagnetic force are connected at all times in the electron, both being different manifestations of the same phenomenon.

3.1 Introduction                  Download Paper

In nature there are four interactions that are responsible for all phenomena in the universe: force or gravitational interaction, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and the strong nuclear force. According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP), the four interactions manifest themselves through an exchange of particles called bosons.
The electromagnetic and gravitational interactions have infinite extent, due to the fact that the interacting particles, photons and gravitons respectively, have zero mass. The weak and strong interactions have finite range, because the interacting particles have non-zero mass. They are the vector bosons and gluons. In the long-range forces, the time variable does not appear, suggesting that the action is performed instantaneously, i.e. at infinite speed. In turn, this implies that there is no material in between interacting bodies. That infinite speed requires the existence of the vacuum.
This action at a distance was a problem even for Newton himself: “That Gravity should be innate, inherent and essential to Matter, so that one body may act upon another at a distance thro’ a Vacuum, without the Mediation of any thing else, by and through which their Action and Force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an Absurdity that I believe no Man who has in philosophical Matters a competent Faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an Agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether this Agent be material or immaterial, I have left to the Consideration of my readers.” [20]
Current physics has solved this problem by including particles that can not be detected, such as virtual photons and gravitons. It should be noted however, that the graviton has not yet been discovered, and the photons involved in the electromagnetic force are virtual photons, which have not been discovered either. However, according to the current physics, it is accepted that virtual photons must exist because the electromagnetic force can be measured. According to the SMPP, when energy is high enough, the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction are combined into a single interaction called the electroweak interaction. The grand unified theories (GTU) combine the electroweak interaction with the strong nuclear force, but leave aside gravity.
Initially, according to the SMPP, four forces were unified into a single force. Figure 3.1 shows roughly the times when the various forces separated.
 Figure 3.1 Evolution of forces.

In this monograph we will see that the long-range forces such as the gravita-tional and electromagnetic forces still remain connected, since the electric charge and mass are two different manifestations of the rotation of the Planck particle [1, 2].
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................

3.3 Quantum universe                   Download Paper

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................


3.6 Conclusion

The hypothesis of a universe formed by four-dimensional Planck atoms impedes the formation of singularities inside a black hole, because a force is needed to compress the atoms of space and time. The before mentioned force is also deduced from the Schwarzschild radius.
Moreover, the gravitational potential energy with respect to the origin verifies the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. This gives rise to the fact that the relationship between the total mass of the universe, and its radius, fulfills the relation of Schwarzschild, which clearly indicates that we live in inside a black hole.
Finally, the four-dimensional Planck atom evolves so that its mass decreases until reaching the mass of the electron. At the same time, the time it takes to make a turn in the fourth dimension increases, giving rise to the charge of the electron, so that mass and charge are joined as are the gravitational and electric forces. While the gravitational force due to the rotation decreases, the electric force increases. The expansion of the universe separates Planck's four-dimensional atoms, producing a decrease in both forces.
In discreet space-time, neither the renormalization nor singularity are necessary, since the infinites disappear.
As the electric charge turns out to be the period in the fourth dimension, electric charge is imaginary, and therefore, while the masses of the same sign attract, the electric charges of the same sign are repelled.






Comentarios

Publicar un comentario

Entradas populares de este blog

5. Electromagnetic field

5.1 Magnetic field created by a circular current loop  ........................ 41 . 41 5.2 Force between two circular coils . 41   ................................................ 41 5.3 Electric field   . 42 .............................................................................. 42 5.4 The electromagnetic field . 43   ........................................................... 43 5.5 Electron and Positron   . 45 ................................................................ 45 5.6 Conclusion   . 46 ................................................................................ 46 The Maxwell’s equations, relate the electric fields to magnetic fields hence they receive the name of electromagnetic field. We are going to see in this section how the relation goes beyond what the traditional physics tell us. We are going to see how both fields are different manifestations of a same field, the magnetic field. Although they are prett...
Leer más

10. Composite Particles

BOOK 1 0.1 Introduction  ................................................................................................ 67 . 67 10.2 Elementary Particles  .................................................................................. 67 . 67 10.3 Formation of up quarks and down quarks by collisions  ............................ 68 10.4 Characteristics of the composite particles  ................................................ .69 . 69 10.5 The Muon  .................................................................................................. 69 . 69          Mass  .......................................................................................................... 71         Decays . 71   ........................................................................................................ 71         Magnetic Moment   . 72 ........................,...
Leer más

11. Relation between the gravitational and magnetic fields

BOOK 11.1 Introducction . 79  ........................................................................................ 79 11.2 Gravitational and magnetic orbits . 79   ........................................................ 79 11.3 Planck’s conditions . 80   .............................................................................. 80 11.4. Relation between fields . 80   ...................................................................... 80 11.5. Conclusion   . 81 ......................................................................................... 81 We have seen that the initial gravitational force starts under the Planck’s conditions and declines until the electron, whereas the final state of the electromagnetic force is the Planck’s conditions multiplied by the fine structure constant. Thus, it is foreseeable that the fine structure constant will link the gravitational and magnetic fields. 11.1 Introducction       ...
Leer más