10. Composite Particles

10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 67. 67
10.2 Elementary Particles .................................................................................. 67. 67
10.3 Formation of up quarks and down quarks by collisions ............................ 68
10.4 Characteristics of the composite particles ................................................ .69. 69
10.5 The Muon .................................................................................................. 69. 69
        Mass .......................................................................................................... 71
       Decays. 71 ........................................................................................................ 71
       Magnetic Moment . 72........................,............................................................. 72
10.6 The Pion. 73 .................................................................................................... 73
        Mass . 73.......................................................................................................... 73
        Decays. 74 ....................................................................................................... 74
10.7 The Neutron. 74 ............................................................................................. 74
        Mass.  75......................................................................................................... 75
       Neutron beta decay. 76 .................................................................................... 76
10.8 The Proton . 77................................................................................................. 77
        Mass . 77.......................................................................................................... 77
10.9 Conclusion . 78................................................................................................ 78


            In this section we will be calculating the properties of a series of particles, such as the proton, the neutron, the muon etc. which are formed by the different combinations of electrons and quarks.

10.1 Introduction

According to the Standard model of particle physics (SMPP), the electron, the muon and the tau are one-off particles, with the same charge and spin and which basic differences are:
  •         The electron is stable whereas the other two particles disintegrate.
  •         The masses are different.

Likewise, the associated neutrinos, are one-off particles, with no charge and the same spin, the only difference is that the mass of each of them is different.

In order to distinguish them, it is necessary to introduce the concept of Leptonic number which is kept in the interactions, for instance the beta decay of the neutron:

n --->  p + e⁻ + 𝛎e
                            L:  0  =  0 + 1 + 0

(10.1)
According to the SMPP, the neutron turns into a proton because the d quark changes its flavor with no apparent reason and turns into a u quark   
 
On the contrary, in the model developed in this section, we will see that there is a cause that leads to such change. Besides, it is not necessary to introduce the concept of Leptonic number, as the process is undertaken in a simple and natural.
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10.9 Conclusion

According to the standard model, both the muon and the Higgs boson are simple particles and therefore the lack structure. Nevertheless, the combination of particles (quarks and electrons) and antiparticles, give rise to composite particles with all the identic characteristics of the ones predicted by the Standard Model. Are they the Standard Model particles? Or are they other different?

From the electromagnetic field energy produced by the combination of particles and antiparticles it is possible to calculate the mass of any particle by using simply paper and pencil with no need for complex programs that require big computers with a great calculus power.


Likewise, the decays are extremely simple with elementary rules.

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