2. Relation between the Gravitational and Magnetic Fields

Abstract
Quantum and relativistic phenomena can be explained by the hypothesis that both the universe and the elementary particles are formed by atoms’ four spatial dimensions. It is also possible to deduce and calculate properties of elementary particles, such as mass, electric charge, spin, radio, etc. Based on this hypothesis, the fundamental constants can be calculated depending only on the speed of light c. Moreover, the Schrodinger equation can be deduced and the equality of inertial and gravitational mass can be demonstrated. The aim of this article is to establish a relationship between electron mass and electron charge, and thereby calculate the electrical charge depending on the mass of the electron, Planck's constant h and the speed of light c. Through this relationship, extended to the gravitational and magnetic fields, it is possible to establish a relationship between the constants of both fields.    

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Introduction
Magnetic and electrical phenomena were already known in Ancient Greece. In the 17th and 18th Centuries, electromagnetic phenomena were studied separately. James Clerk Maxwell described the electric and magnetic fields using a set of equations in 1861, unifying the two fields into one: the electromagnetic field.

In Newtonian physics, the gravitational field is defined as the force per unit mass that experiences a point particle in the presence of a mass. In general relativity, gravity is due to the curvature of spacetime. The presence of a mass curves spacetime, causing bodies to move along those lines curves denominated geodesic.
                                               
General relativity assumes that spacetime is continuous. However, there is no   experimental evidence for it. Are space and time continuous? Or are we only convinced of that continuity as a result of education? In recent years, both physicists and mathematicians have asked whether it is possible that space and time are discrete. If we could probe to size scales that were small enough, would we see “atoms” of space, irreducible pieces of volume that cannot be broken into anything smaller? [1].

Quantification of spacetime allows us to distinguish elementary particles from each other in a simple and natural way [2,3].  Minimum volume, length or area are measured in the units of Planck [1]. Theories related to quantum gravity, such as string theory and doubly special relativity, as well as black hole physics, predict the existence of a minimum length [4,5].

“The familiar concept of a “space-time continuum” implies that it should be possible to measure always smaller and smaller distances without any finite limit [2]. Heisenberg, who insisted on expressing quantum mechanical laws in terms of measurable observables, questioned already the validity of this postulate” [6].
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Conclusions.
Rotation of Planck atoms in the fourth dimension gives rise to the electron charge; the energy of this rotation or electromagnetic field energy gives rise to the mass. The charge is the time it takes in returning in the fourth dimension.

Therefore, in the electron:
· rotation in the fourth dimension, which originates the electric charge and so, the electric field is caused.
· rotation in three-dimensional space generates the moving charge and therefore the magnetic field.
· the energy of the rotation, which we call mass, leads to the gravitational field.

It is evident that by changing the rotation direction, the polarity of the electric charge is changed. Clockwise rotation in the fourth dimension can only be cancelled with another anti-clockwise rotation, resulting from the Principle of Conservation of Charge.

The mass of a Planck atom decreases with decreasing rotation, just as the electric charge increases and the wavelength or diameter (mp rp = m 𝜆). When increasing the wavelength, the travel speed decreases to the value  𝛼c. 

The fine structure constant relates the constant gravitational field G with constant magnetic field μ₀.
 G = 𝛼²μ₀

Gribbin was correct when he stated that the only alternative to the quantumprobabilities, superposition of states, wave function collapse,and the spooky action at a distance, is that everything is predetermined [19].

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