1. 4D Model of the Universe

BOOK

1.1 Quantum mechanics ...............................................................  9
1.2 Constants calculated .............................................................. 10
1.3 Special and  general relativity.................................................. 11
1.4 4D model of the universe ........................................................ 11

The hypothesis that the universe and the elementary particles are formed by atoms of four dimensions, allows us to explain quantum and relativistic phenomena. It is also possible to deduce and calculate the properties of elementary particles, such as mass, electric charge, spin, radius, etc. From the before mentioned hypothesis, the fundamental constants can be calculated, and depend only on the speed of light, c. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle must be verified at all times, at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Most commonly used equations derive from equality in the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

1.1 Quantum mechanics

Quantities which verify the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle include:

·        the mass of the electron,

·        the electric charge of the electron,

·        the mass and electric charge of up and down quarks,

·        the mass of the proton and neutron, which are proportional to the mass of the electron,

·        the muon mass, which is proportional to the electron mass,

·        the pion mass, which is proportional to the electron mass.

In general, the mass of any particle can be deduced from the mass of the electron, therefore, the electron can be considered as the fundamental particle.

The model allows us to explain from classical physics purely quantum phenomena such as:

·        wave-particle duality,

·        quantum tunnelling,

·        quantum entanglement.

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1.4 4D model of the universe

The 4D model of the universe uses:

·        a single particle, the Planck atom of 4 spatial dimensions,

·        a constant, the speed of light,

·        an equation, which is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle,

·        the principle of Conservation of Energy,

·        the number π.

All constants can be calculated depending on the speed of light, and all of the laws are deduced from the Principle of Conservation of Energy.

The gravitational and electromagnetic forces go together, as they are two different manifestations of the same phenomenon. They converge at the Planck scale. The strong and weak nuclear forces are due to variations of energy, hence, their short ranges. Matter always tends to the state of minimum energy.

The force carriers such as photons and other virtual particles are not necessary.

Newton´s Gravitation and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle are two different aspects of the same formula, rather than different formulas. However, we observe different things, due to the size difference between an atom and a star. The decay of some particles, such as the muon, the pion, and neutron beta decay, can be explained by classical elementary rules.