12. Quantum Phenomena

12.1. Wave–Particle Duality as a Classic Phenomenon. 83  .............................. 83
12.2 The quantum tunnelling is a classical phenomenon . 85 ............................. 85
        Conservation of the angular momentum .. 86 .............................................. 86
12.3. Conclusión . 88 .......................................................................................... 88

The hypothesis that both the universe and particles have four spatial dimensions and the quantification of space allow the application of the equations of macroscopic classical physics to elementary particles, so that purely quantum phenomena such as quantum entanglement, the quantum tunnelling, and so on can be explained through classical physics. This section explains wave–particle duality as a unique phenomenon; the particle produces disruption of the medium (space, atoms, and time), generating a wave in the same way that a wave is generated in water.  Also it is going to be seen in this section another phenomenon typically quantum like is the quantum tunneling.

12.1. Wave–Particle duality as a classic phenomenon  Download Paper

In physics, a wave is the perturbation of a means that spreads throughout the space. The means can be of different nature such as air, water, etc.
A particle has a mass and accordingly it occupies a place in the space whereas a wave spreads out in the space and it is characterized for having a defined velocity and a null mass.
Nowadays it is considered that “the wave-particle duality is a concept of the quantum mechanics and according to this, there are no fundamental differences between particles and waves: the particles can behave like waves and vice versa”.
Stephen Hawking
We all see that when a stone is thrown into a pond, a ripple is produced. Yet, no one would dare to say that the stone is a wave.
When a stone is thrown into a pond we observe the formation of circular ripples travelling towards the outside, if we make these ripples pass throughout a slit (zone a), under these circumstances the water behaves like a particle. If we make a second slit, the ripple splits in two when passing throughout the slit, in a way that each ripple interferes with the one another producing many impact areas (zones b, c and d). Under these circumstances the water behaves like a ripple. We can affirm, on account of the observation that the water passes throughout the two slits that sometimes behaves like a ripple and anew like a particle, depending on the experiment undertaken. Therefore, the water has both ripple properties and particle properties, but such properties cannot be deducted by its composition.
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12.3. Conclusion

The current universe consists of different particles, energy, and space-time vacuum; all these elements originated from the energy of the Big Bang. It is assumed that they were initially identical and remain identical. As Einstein believed, light is simultaneously a particle and a wave.
There is no probability of finding a particle on the other side of the barrier. The wave function, as we are going to see now, has nothing to do with the probability. Simply, the energy of the particle increases momentarily, in the same way as the skater’s energy increases, and is capable of overcoming the barrier if he gets close enough. At all moments the particle energy verifies the equality in the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. 

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