5. The Origin of Long-Range Forces


Abstract:
The current theories are based on the assumption that the Big Bang had a unique force, which, along with the expansion of the universe, gave rise to four forces, two of which are of infinite range. In the model developed in this paper, there is only a single force, which is the magnetic force. Gravity and the electromagnetic force are connected at all times in the electron, both being different manifestations of the same phenomenon. On the other hand, the hypothesis that both the universe and the elementary particles are
formed by atoms of four spatial dimensions allows relating the mass and the charge of the electron.

Keywords:
4D space discrete, minimal length, gravitation. Planck’ length, long-rang forces

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1. Introduction
In nature there are four interactions that are responsible for all phenomena in the universe: force or gravitational interaction, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and the strong nuclear force. According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP), the four interactions manifest themselves through an exchange of particles called bosons.


The electromagnetic and gravitational interactions have infinite extent, due to the fact that the interacting particles, photons and gravitons respectively, have zero mass. The weak and strong interactions have finite range, because the interacting particles have non-zero mass. They are the vector bosons and gluons. In the long-range forces, the time variable does not appear, suggesting that the action is performed instantaneously, i.e. at infinite speed. In turn, this implies that there is no material in between interacting bodies. That infinite speed requires the existence of the vacuum.

This action at a distance was a problem even for Newton himself: “That Gravity should be innate, inherent and essential to Matter, so that one body may act upon another at a distance thro’ a Vacuum, without the Mediation of any thing else, by and through which their Action and Force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an Absurdity that I believe no Man who has in philosophical Matters a competent Faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an Agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether this Agent be material or immaterial, I have left to the Consideration of my readers.” [1]

Current physics has solved this problem by including particles that can not be detected, such as virtual photons and gravitons. It should be noted however, that the graviton has not yet been discovered, and the photons involved in the electromagnetic force are virtual photons, which have not been discovered either. However, according to the current physics, it is accepted that virtual photons must exist because the electromagnetic force can be measured. According to the SMPP, when energy is high enough, the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction are combined into a single interaction called the electroweak interaction. The grand unified theories (GTU) combine the electroweak interaction with the strong nuclear force, but leave aside gravity. 
Initially, according to the SMPP, the four forces were unified into a single force. Figure 1 show roughly the times when the various forces separated.


Figure 1: Evolution of forces

In this paper we will see that the long-range forces such as the gravitational and electro-magnetic forces still remain connected, since the electric charge and mass are two different manifestations of the rotation of the Planck particle [2, 5].
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8. Conclusion
The four-dimensional Planck atom evolves so that its mass decreases until reaching the mass of the electron. At the same time, the time it takes to make a turn in the fourth dimension increases, giving rise to the charge of the electron, so that mass and charge are joined as are the gravitational and electric forces. While the gravitational force due to the rotation decreases, the electric force increases. The expansion of the universe separates Planck's four-dimensional atoms, producing a decrease in both forces.

In discreet space-time, neither the renormalization nor singularity are necessary, since the infinites disappear.

As the electric charge turns out to be the period in the fourth dimension, electric charge is imaginary, and therefore, while the masses of the same sign attract, the electric charges of the same sign are repelled.

On the other hand, the existence of Planck atoms in the past creates a potential through which masses and charges transmit their movements to the rest of the universe. Current physics, not considering what happened in the past, interprets this action as a ghostly action at a distance. This is because only the result of that movement is observed, that is, the gravitational or electromagnetic force.

Finally, both gravitational and electromagnetic forces are present in the electron. But because the electromagnetic force is much greater than the gravitational force, the latter is not appreciated

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