6. The origin of up and down quarks


6.1. Introduction. 49 ............................................................................. 49
6.2 Mass and charge of the up and down quarks . 49............................. 49
6.3 Formation of the up and down quarks . 50....................................... 50
      Formation of the down quark  . 51................................................... 51
      Formation of the up quark . 51........................................................ 51
6.4 Up and down antiquarks . 52........................................................... 52
6.5 Conclusion. 52 ................................................................................ 52


In the standard model of the particle physics the up and down quarks together with the electrons are the fundamental constituents of the matter. The up and down quarks are not free in the nature but are combined to form the protons and neutrons. In the mentioned model, the mass and electric charge of the quarks are fundamental constants from which the standard model of the particle physics is developed.

6.1. Introduction.

Quarks have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin.
            Apart from the up and down quarks, there are 4 more quarks that form the second and third generation of quark, yet they are compound particles since they lie in the up and down quarks first generation.
            We are going to see in this section how the mass and the charge of quarks which according to the quantum mechanics are constants due to chance, are related to the mass and charge of the electron.
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6.5 Conclusion

The electrons in the three dimensional space repel each other, however in the fourth dimensions they attract each other in a way that the combination of the three electrons give rise to two types of different particles which match with the down quark and the up antiquark.
            The positrons in the three dimensional space repel each other, meanwhile they attract each other in the fourth dimension in a way that the combination of three positrons give rise to two types of different particles which match with the up quark and the down antiquark.
            In any case the mass product per charge has to verify Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
The mass  is the result of the spin of the Planck’s atom in the fourth dimension. This spin is the one which slows the particle with charge movement down (electrons and quarks) the space and time atoms are the ones which constitute the universe, they are the ones which permanently hinder the movement and not the Higgs bosons since they disintegrate in approximately 10-22 s. Due to the curvature these atoms give rise to an only Planck field, which potential is h bar or c2, depending on the physical magnitude that we observe, frequency or mass. As for electrons and quarks we verify that  E=m c2 = ħ 𝟂

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